Life Essay Example

Life Essay Example Life Essay Life Essay Essay Topic: Life Is Beautiful Life in the present is bombarded with many influences that make it difficult to resist no matter how people try not to succumb to the pressures and expectations of society. Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder, but it is another story if the beholders are one’s peers, social group, and parents and even love ones. Beauty will always be skin deep, but what is seen will always be the first to be judged. As persons, an individual evaluates him/her self based on how others respond to him/her. In this society, beauty is defined by what is seen in the outside, the physical attributes are evaluated as attractive, sexy, desirable or fat, big, ugly and gross. Within this context, people develop an unhealthy obsession with their bodies, in order to become good looking and attractive. Obsession with one’s body is a result of social influence, peer pressure and media influence.As a social being, man constantly interact with other people and is both influencing his environment and i s being influenced by it. In the American culture, one’s body is regarded as a personal property; no one can dictate to a person what one wants to do with his/her body and with it comes the personal responsibility in making sure that the body is in its best form. One of the reasons why people become obsessed with the perfect body is because of the many social influences that everyone is constantly being subjected to. An attractive body or physique would mean that an individual has invested in his/her body and that he/she can use it to his/her advantage thus the need to maintain the perfect figure through artificial or natural means. For example, fitness products have become a major player alongside the cosmetics industry, because as one advertisement says, â€Å"maybe she was born with it† and if it isn’t then there is always a cosmetic product or a diet pill that would enhance what she has or eliminate her flaws. Social expectations in the form of how others de fine physical beauty have made us believe that physical beauty is important. Having the perfect body is like having the power to be needed and wanted by others. The attractiveness of the rewards of being physically beautiful and perfect motivates a person to seek means to be beautiful in the eyes of society. Different social groups place a premium on the perfect body, evidence of which is how people react more positively to attractive people. Pretty girls get better service at bars; they get appreciative nods and smiles and are perceived to be confident and witty while hunks get the hot girls, they get better jobs and are popular. Wanting the perfect body may be caused by social expectations, but a more significant cause is peer pressure.Becoming obsessed with having the perfect body can also come from the pressures that a person feels from his/her peer group.   It is within the peer group that a child learns what is valuable and important, when teenage girls have slumber parties, they talk about what is important to them and it is mainly how to be hip and fashionable and they trade secrets in how to keep their hair that way, how to cheat on their weight and how important it is to look good for the boys in order to be popular. When boys get together, they also talk about how girls like boys who have the muscle, who are tall, who are sexy and a stud. Good looking girls and boys who are genetically endowed with the perfect body would not have difficulty in this area but those who are unfortunate to be fat and big may be consumed with the need to have a perfect body. In the peer group, a child or adolescent is continually evaluated based on their own concept of what a perfect body is and if they somehow fall short of what is desired then they are consumed in finding the means to change their appearance and body. A girl who has been teased about her nose because it is not the perfect shape may become obsessed with how to enhance or hide it and if all else fails then the answer is cosmetic surgery.   The pressure from the peer group to look perfect is very real and adolescents are very susceptible to live up to the pressure because it would ensure their belongingness to the group.Lastly, a significant cause of obsession with one’s body are found in the media, the   influence of the media is so pervasive and it constantly sends out the message that physical beauty will make people rich and successful and it promotes an unhealthy concept of beauty that is based on physical attributes only. Browse through a magazine and almost half of the entire magazine is made up of advertisements that depict the perfect body as slim, lean, and well proportioned, have great skin and attractive features. Movies and television shows always depict celebrities who are perfect in every way and these celebrities make it a point to be beautiful and fashionable, to be fit and alluring. They endorse products, diets and exercise routines to help achieve the perfect body, they are saying that if you want to become a celebrity, look at me!   Clothes modeled on the runway or even in the mannequins of Sears and Wal-Mart are often made for thin women and slim men, indirectly it is telling people that fat and big people are an anomaly and they should be concerned with their bodies if they want to feel good about themselves.In conclusion, it can be seen that all the messages and influences that a person receives directly or indirectly from social expectations and the media in the importance of having the perfect body have made people develop the obsession to have a perfect body. Obsessions in having the perfect body may take the form of wanting to change a body part, have rigid and extreme exercise routines, invest in cosmetic surgery, use make-up extensively, and have implants and others. The peer group exerts pressure to its members to have the perfect body as it is often the standard at which group belongingness is judged. Becoming obse ssed with physical beauty is a result of the premium that is placed on how a person looks and the consequences associated with it.

The Xia Dynasty of Ancient China

The Xia Dynasty of Ancient China The Xia Dynasty is said to have been the first true Chinese dynasty, described in the ancient Bamboo Annals called the Ji Tomb Annals, dated to the late third century BCE; and in the Records of the Historian Sima Qian (called the Shi Ji and written about 145 BCE). There is a long-standing debate as to whether the Xia Dynasty was myth or reality; until the mid-20th century, no direct evidence was available to support stories of this long-vanished era. Some scholars still believe that it was invented in order to validate the leadership of the Shang Dynasty, for which there is abundant archaeological and written evidence. The Shang Dynasty was founded in about 1760 BCE, and many of the attributes ascribed to the Xia are different from those ascribed to the Xia. Legends of the Xia Dynasty According to the historical records, the Xia dynasty is thought to have lasted between about 2070–1600 BCE, and it was said to have been founded by a man known as Yu the Grea a descendant of the Yellow Emperor, and born about 2069. His capital was at Yang City. Yu is a semi-mythical figure who spent 13 years stopping a great flood and bringing irrigation to the Yellow River Valley. Yu was the ideal hero and ruler, said to have been assisted in his work by a yellow dragon and a black turtle. Many of the tales about him are cast in mythology, which doesnt necessarily rule out the possible reality of a sophisticated society predating the Shang. The Xia dynasty is said to be the first to irrigate, produce cast bronze, and build a strong army. It used oracle bones and had a calendar. Xi Zhong is credited in legend with inventing a wheeled vehicle. He used a compass, square, and rule. King Yu was the first king to be succeeded by his son instead of a man chosen for his virtue. This made the Xia the first Chinese dynasty. The Xia under King Yu probably had about 13.5 million people. According to the Records of the Grand Historian (the Shi Ji, started around the second century BCE (over a millennium after the end of the Xia Dynasty), there were 17 Xia Dynasty Kings. They included: Yu the Great: 2205–2197 BCEEmperor Qi: 2146–2117 BCETai Kang: 2117–2088 BCEZhong Kang: 2088–2075 BCEXiang: 2075–2008 BCEShao Kang: 2007–1985 BCEZhu: 1985–1968 BCEHuai: 1968–1924 BCEMang: 1924–1906 BCEXie: 1906–1890 BCEBu Jiang: 1890–1831 BCEJiong: 1831–1810 BCEJin: 1810–1789 BCEKong Jia: 1789–1758 BCEGao: 1758–1747 BCEFa: 1747–1728 BCEJie: 1728–1675 BCE The fall of the Xia is blamed on its last king, Jie, who is said to have fallen in love with an evil, beautiful woman and become a tyrant. The people rose up in rebellion under the leadership of Zi Là ¼, the Tang Emperor and founder of the Shang Dynasty. Possible Xia Dynasty Sites While there is still debate over how much the texts can be relied on, there is recent evidence has increased the likelihood that there really was dynasty predating the Shang. Late Neolithic sites which hold some elements suggesting Xia dynasty remains include Taosi, Erlitou, Wangchenggang, and Xinzhai in central Henan province. Not all researchers in China agree to the connection of archaeological sites with prehistoric semi-mythical polities, although scholars have noted that Erlitou in particular had a high degree of cultural-political sophistication at an early period. Erlitou  in Henan Province is a massive site, covering at least 745 acres, and occupations between 3500–1250 BCE; at its heyday about 1800, it was the primary center in the region, with eight palaces and a large cemetery precinct.  Ã‚  Taosi, in southern Shanxi, (2600–2000 BCE) was a regional center, and had an urban center surrounded by large rammed-earth walls, a craft production center for pottery and other artifacts, and a semicircular rammed-earth structure which has been identified as an astronomical observatory.  Wangchenggang in Dengfeng province (2200–1835 BCE) was a settlement center for at least 22 other sites in the upper Ying River valley. It had two connected small rammed-earth enclosures built about 2200 BCE, a craftproduction center, and many ash pits some containing human burials.  Xinzhai, in Henan Province (2200–1900 BCE) is an urban center with at least fifteen associated sites surrounding it, with a large semi-subterranean stru cture interpreted as a ritual structure.   In 2016, an international group of archaeologists reported evidence of a great flood in the Yellow River at a site called Lajia, dated about 1920 BCE, which they claimed provided support to the great flood in the Xia Dynasty legends. The Laija townsite in particular was found with several residences with skeletons buried within the deposits. Wu Qinglong and colleagues admitted that the date was several centuries later than the historical records state. The article appeared in Science magazine in August of 2016, and three comments were quickly received disagreeing with the dating and interpretation of the geological and archaeological data, so the site remains an open question like the others. Sources Dai, L. L., et al. An Isotopic Perspective on Animal Husbandry at the Xinzhai Site During the Initial Stage of the Legendary Xia Dynasty (2070–1600 BC). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 26.5 (2016): 885–96. Print.Han, Jian-Chiu. Comment on Outburst Flood at 1920 BCE Supports Historicity of China’s Great Flood and the Xia Dynasty. Science 355.6332 (2017): 1382–82. Print.Huang, Chun Chang, et al. Comment on Outburst Flood at 1920 BCE Supports Historicity of China’s Great Flood and the Xia Dynasty. Science 355.6332 (2017): 1382–82. Print.Liu, Li. State Emergence in Early China. Annual Review of Anthropology 38 (2009): 217–32. Print.Wu, Qinglong, et al. Outburst Flood at 1920 Bce Supports Historicity of China’s Great Flood and the Xia Dynasty. Science 353.6299 (2016): 579–382. Print.Wu, Qinglong, et al. Response to Comments on Outburst Flood at 1920 BCE Supports Historicity of China’s Great Flood and the Xia D ynasty. Science 355.6332 (2017): 1382–82. Print.Wu, Wenxiang, et al. Comment on â€Å"Outburst Flood at 1920 Bce Supports Historicity of China’s Great Flood and the Xia Dynasty†. Science 355.6332 (2017): 1382-82. Print.

Multiple Topics to Choose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Multiple Topics to Choose - Essay Example In the story, she happened to host the Earl of Beresford, a passenger from Canada, who got caught in her beauty to the extent, that he proposed her. Despite being an average girl with nothing materialistic to take pride in, she would refuse the proposal of any lad accoutered with utmost richness and wealth just like a princess, though she had completely different and unique reasons for doing so. â€Å"No princess of the blood could have been more stalely, self-possessed and politely determined to keep one at a distance† (Stowe 123). Although she was a house girl and did not have interaction with strangers in her unmarried life, yet she was brave and bold enough to have argument with a stranger like the Earl of Beresford. She refused to marry the Earl of Beresford because she could not feel attracted to all the fantasies he attempted to make her realize being his wife. Her priorities in life were far from materialism. She believed in succeeding through struggle. She would not t ake success for granted. She was determined and consistent. That was why, she had complete confidence in George. Mary was portrayed by Stowe as a character that had no materialistic proof to have faith in George but her own confidence and determination. Moved by her encouragement and confidence in him, George struggled and ultimately became a minister. All credit went to her. She married him. Conversion of an ordinary man into an American Minister is indeed, an achievement. This tells how important role women play in building an educated, learned and civilized society. Harriet Beecher Stowe has portrayed woman as having equipped with extreme courage, bravery, boldness and determination that contrasts with her intrinsic beauty and delicacy. The fundamental cause of George’s success was Mary. This tells that a woman keeps all the potential to cause a big change in the society remaining within the premises

Generation conflict between Kiswana and her mother. Based on Gloria Research Paper

Generation conflict between Kiswana and her mother. Based on Gloria Naylor- Kiswana Browne - Research Paper Example In addition, conflicts may occur when mothers learn of some funny behavior adopted by their daughters. Individuals can improve the relationship between mothers and daughters through various advances. For one, there can be strategies instituted with an aim of enhancing a mutual understanding. Additionally, mothers should ensure they try to meet demands of their daughters. Prevention of conflicts is better and helps in the growth of daughters as well as their mothers. This paper concerns about the reason why it was so difficult for Kiswana to relate to her mother. â€Å"Kiswana Brown† by Naylor Gloria was a woman activist. Drieling (45) states that Kiswana Browne is a college dropout currently staying in Brewster Place after moving from â€Å"Linden Hills† her homeland. Kiswana stays in a badly maintained small house apartment. Her strong believe that she could bring into being the proper social change made her to move to Brewster. Much anxiety grows in Kiswana as she loo ks forward to welcome her mother. Being the first visit from her mother, it is not welcoming, as there is a disagreement between both of them (Kiswana and her mother). However, Kiswana’s mother ends the disagreement by revealing Kiswana’s original name, which is Melanie. The reason why it was difficult for kiswana to relate to her mother was principally difference in the values. ... Kiswana fails to recognize the essence of her in her entire life. Kiswana moving out of her parents and living in a different region evidences this (Wilson 23). Disrespect is the major cause of conflicts between mothers and their daughters. It is the role of parents to let their children live in the truth about their real identities. Kiswana’s mother calmed Kiswana down by letting her know of her original name. The principal factors affecting mother-daughter relationships include perception, behavior, and diverse demands (Almond 57). Female parents living with their children have to overcome conflicts no matter what decisions they try to make. Conflicts hinder positive relations between parents and their children (specifically mothers and the girl-child). Daughters frequently complain about their mothers in all activities that they try to undertake. Mothers have assorted opinions concerning perception of daughters. For instance, some mothers think that daughters do not show th em (mothers) enough respect. Others say that daughters seldom listen to their mothers. Finally, others lack adequate time to spend with them (mothers). Mothers are still concerned about improving their relationship with their daughters. Generational conflicts between mothers and daughters take different forms. Conflicts may be due to the generation gap, civilizing diversity, and social class. For instance, Kiswana argued with the mother because of moving out of Linden Hills to Brewster and mobilizing people to form a tenants union. According to Kiswana’s mother, the union was unnecessary, as it led to increased tension between Black Americans and White Americans. Therefore, present day mothers should nurture their daughters to influence their daughters’ way of living

Trade Liberalization Essay Example for Free

Trade Liberalization Essay Trade is very critical in any country as it ensures that although countries have different production capabilities they can acquire all types of goods. Different capabilities arise due to the fact that different countries have different natural resources, educational capabilities, varying physical capital as well as the technological knowledge. Trade liberalization entails the reduction of limitations on trade across countries. Artificial barriers as well as other forms of distortions are reduced. (Alvarado S and Morici P, 1992, 59). Protectionism is completely eliminated and tariffs which entail the raising of import prices, quotas that see to it that there is physical limitation on goods that can be imported as well as non tariff barriers like regulation and legislation that hinder easy entry for foreign competitors are eliminated. The US is committed to ensuring that countries eradicate barriers as is seen through its efforts in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) and in Free Trade Area (FTA).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Trade liberalization or policies ensure that economies are open to trade and investments with the rest of the world. It is crucial for any nation if sustained economic growth is to be attained. Free trade ensures the creation of jobs, better working conditions and the over all economic growth. No country can attain economic growth, which comes along with improved standards of living if it is in exclusion with the rest part of the world. In other words, no country is self-sufficient. Trade openings as well as foreign direct investment ensure economic success especially in third world countries. Trade liberalization has seen many third world countries develop competitive advantages in the production of certain products thus increasing their production and consequently increasing the profits derived from them. This has seen the number of people living in the margins of poverty decrease. It is evident that countries focus on the outward development rather than inward developments thrive more. Such countries focus more on the interrelated relationship with other countries and together all the parties involved benefit. Countries as India, Vietnam and Uganda are relevant examples of how faster growth and poverty reduction is realized when trade liberalization takes place. Lowering of tariffs comes along with quick growth compared to those who do not. (www.kent.ac.uk).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Trade liberalization benefits the poor more. Protection is associated with large implicit subsidies that most third world countries cannot afford. Liberalization of trade ensures that the poor people‘s incomes increase with almost the same proportion as the total population as a whole increases. With trade liberalization there is the creation of jobs, which can suit the semi and the unskilled workers in a nation, such a move, ensures their graduation from a lower social status to a higher one. Again, the reduced inequality gap that had been observed since the 1990s was partly due to trade liberalization and its effects on the economic growth. More gains can be accrued if many barriers to trade are eliminated. Third world countries are more likely to benefit from trade liberalization as a percentage of their GDP than the developed countries since their economies tend to be more or highly protected and also because they face more barriers. (www.imf.org).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     To maximally leap the benefits of trade liberalization it is important that countries specialize in producing goods that they have a comparative advantage in. The opening of their markets and ensuring that their companies compete internationally then follow this. This necessitates stiff competition and increased efficiency that ensures that prices go down making the goods more attractive and affordable. Demand consequently rises and there is continued or increased production to match it. As the businesses, boom the Gross National Income rises and all people benefit from it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Trade liberalization encourages or facilitates the increased imports of strategic goods and services, attracts foreign direct investment and enhances technological transfers. It also ensures the development of endogenous capacities as well as the development of infrastructure that is appropriate to support national objectives for industrial development.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     It can indirectly be beneficial to a country’s natural resources as with the increased trade, countries can acquire the finances needed to support environmental protection, its conservation as well as remediation efforts. Although there are potential negative effects associated with trade liberalization policies that promote the positive effects ought to be enhanced. It is also important to ensure that institutional as well as human capacities of developing countries or those that are in the transition process to the market economies are well organized. This would ensure effective integration between the environment, trade and development policies. Negative effects or impacts of trade should be avoided and curbed before they even emerge and once they start being manifested, they should be addressed quickly. It is important to take into account the sustainability of a country’s environmental as well as natural resources when designing the trade liberalization policies. This will go a long way in ensuring that there are fewer or no adverse effects. In Bangladesh, the shrimp culture became beneficial with the introduction of liberalization. The economic gains included the increased GDP that recorded an increase of approximately 70 %. Exports increased and there was the increased employment rate for the locals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Copper mining in Chile also benefited from trade liberalization. It saw the increased GDP from the sector. The sector contributed to the country’s total exports to a tune of 41% despite the fact that it created employment for just a few people. The liberalization ensured that there was increased private participation and this meant that efficiency and effectiveness would be enhanced. New technologies could easily be adopted and they ensure that costs of production were lowered, competitiveness increased and it was possible to explore previously marginalized areas. (www.kent.ac.uk). This is crucial in ensuring that rural development is attained. Diversified economic development is vital for third world countries as it reduces the rural urban migration and ensures rural development. Infrastructures are developed in areas that could have remained under developed as third world countries lack adequate capital to ensure unified development.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Liberalization enhances competition which works to increase innovation and exploration. It ensures that there is effective exploration especially in areas that had previously been marginalized. It also encourages the use of environmentally friendly technologies geared to ensure that there is minimal harm to the environment. With increased exports or trade in general there is the generation of foreign exchange, attraction of external investment and the creation of employment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Free trade ensures that there is the creation of trade and domestic production is substituted with cheaper imports. Trade creation is important as it ensures that there is effective production efficiency. (Peloso J, 2005, 154). Factors that determine the effects on trade depend on whether there are lower prices due to tariff reduction and if the price changes are responsive to the supply and demand in the market.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Trade liberalization can be defined as a form of trade where a neutral approach is taken and there is minimal government control. Most developing countries that register minimal growth had a history of poor implementation issue in totality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Trade liberalization and free trade ensures positive externalities that lead to increased or greater competition that ensures there is much efficiency in resource allocation, economies of scale as well as technological spill over effects. It reduces rent seeking – behaviour and promotes the increased flow of technological knowledge across the globe. There is a greater access to new goods be they capital or intermediate. There is also a faster rate in the imitation of advanced techniques that enable third world countries to prosper economically.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     It makes exports more competitive especially in the international markets since it involves the reduction in exchange rates distortion as well as export duties. Trade liberalization and free trade in third world countries ensures that there is export diversification among countries involved. Trade restrictions that hinder or act as an obstacle to trade are erased.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Some third world countries especially in Africa would greatly benefit from increased trade through trade liberalization. Most of them have poor infrastructure that would need huge capital to develop in trying to increase the rates of production. Their inadequate capital makes them it hard to acquire new and more efficient technology needed to ensure that there is considerable economic growth and development. Others are inhibited by their geographical locations in ensuring that they develop economically. With trade liberalization acquisition of goods that land locked countries like Uganda is made easier. Many gains are earned when countries exploit their comparative advantage in the face of free trade and trade liberalization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     History proves that inward development among the third world countries where their governments intervene or control the economy are not effective in ensuring economic growth. In the 1960s and 70s when this approach was used it was characterized by ineffective or deficient infrastructures, underdeveloped financial markets as well as poor human capital resources. Through trade liberalization, it was possible to acquire external finances that would steer up the economy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The overall effects of trade liberalization are highly correlated to a country’s political, economical as well as social organization. It is also affected by the way reforms are created and implemented for instance reforms on import liberalization and the approach that is taken for example through tariff reduction, structure unification or reduced duty rates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In Tunisia, trade liberalization enhanced export promotion that created changes in the country’s economic growth and external payments. Import liberalization saw the promotion of domestic production that strengthened competition and consequently the economy’s efficiency was enhanced. It ensured trade competition with neighboring countries like Morocco, Algeria and Egypt. Liberalization of telecommunication sector made significant changes in the country’s economic development. Economic expansion in the country is also attributed to the increased privatization of most sectors making them more efficient and effective.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Trade liberalization can be of much importance to third world countries especially because through trade agreements there is the enhancement of the rule of law among the countries involved. Good governance, transparency as well as fair enforcement of contracts is ensured in the countries involved. (Wallace L, 1999, 89). Corruption is in most case eradicated as the rule of law is reinforced and it promotes foreign direct investment. Property rights are also empowered and they ensure that there is effective investment in the involved countries. This ensures that there is increased savings as well as investment and exchange. The competition that comes along with free trade benefits the poor especially in the third world countries where they are susceptible to exploitation by the elites or by a few monopolies. It promotes equality and eradicates the manipulation of trading activities. Free trade also encourages reforms in various sectors of the economy and consequently promotes growth. It sees to it that there is efficiency as the policies established are critical. Again democracies can be effectively strengthened with the establishment of free trade. Free trade in addition to promoting the flow of goods and services it also entails the transmission of ideas and values. Self confidence is therefore ensured as freedom is ensured.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The World Bank reported of the overwhelming growth that came along with the reduction of trade barriers, it estimates that in the 90s the per capita of such countries rose by almost thrice. (www.usemb.gov.do). Trade liberalization encourages domestic reforms that are needed in third world countries. Freedom and openness promote effective governance and macroeconomic policies that ensure there is economic growth. The economic gains arising from increased trade would be effective in ensuring that third world countries reduce the burden of seeking foreign assistance that comes with strings attached or conditional ties.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     According to the numerous studies conducted by World Bank and also by the University of Michigan there are more gains attributed to trade liberalization especially in developing countries where trade barriers are approximately four times more than in developed countries. Another study by International Institute of Economics established that millions of people subjected to abject poverty especially in the third world countries would have their living standards improved with the global free trade. (www.usemb.gov.do). Trade liberalization and free trade therefore increases the flow of trade and benefit the third world countries. References: IMF. 2001. Global Trade Liberalization and the Developing Countries. Retrieved on 11th April 2008 from http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2001/110801.htm Jennifer Peloso. 2005. Free Trade. H.W. Wilson Publishers. P 154 Sylvia Alvarado, Peter Morici.1992. The Premise and the Promise: Free Trade in the Americas. Transaction Publishers. P 59 America U Santos Paulino. Trade liberalization and economic performance among selected developing countries. Retrieved on 11th April 2008 from http://www.kent.ac.uk/economics/papers/papers-pdf/2000/0012.pdf. Michael McGee. 2006. Benefits of Free Trade Agreements for Developing Countries. Retrieved on 11th April 2008 from http://www.usemb.gov.do/FCS-e.htm Laura Wallace. 1999. Adjusting to the Challenges of Globalization. International

charant Free Antigone Essays: The Character of Antigone :: Antigone essays

Antigone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Ancient Greece, life was full of complicated questions centered around the expanding field of science. Freedom of religion was encouraged to be exercised in the city-states and man was focused on more than the Gods or heavenly concerns. As a result many new ideals and beliefs surfaced. These new ideals and beliefs, though good in intentions, often conflicted with one another and created complex moral dilemmas. Such was the case in Sophocle’s play Antigone that was written in this era. In the play, Antigone and Creon battle a philosophical war concerning their ideals. They both base their actions on what they believe to be right. The conflict arose when their ideals that backed up their actions on the burial of Polyneices clashed, creating a contradiction between morals. Antigone's side of the conflict held a much more divine approach, as opposed to the mundane path Creon chose to travel. Antigone feels that Creon is disregarding the laws of the heavens by ordering it unlawful for anyone to provide a proper burial for her brother Polyneices. Antigone's opinion is one that supports the Gods and the laws of the heavens. Her reasoning is set by her belief that if someone were not given a proper burial, that person would not be accepted into heaven. Antigone was a very religious person and the acceptance of her brother by the Gods was very important to her. Creons order was personal to Antigone and his edict invaded her family life as well as the Gods. An important ide al in Ancient Greece was the belief that the government was to have no control in matters concerning religious beliefs. In Antigone's eyes, Creon betrayed that ideal by not allowing her to properly bury her brother, Polyneices. She believed that the burial was a religious ceremony, and Creon did not have the power to deny Polyneices that right. Antigone's strong beliefs eventually led her to death by the hand of Creon. Creon's actions are guided by the ideal that man is the measure of all things. Creon believes that the good of man comes before the Gods. An example of Creons belief was the unburied body of Polyneices. Creon doesn't want to give honor to a man who attempted to invade and conquer his city. He denies burial for Polyneices to show respect for Thebes. From this standpoint, Creons decisions for denying burial for Polyneices are completely just and supports the ideals.

Euthyphro & Classics of Philosophy Essay

In its simplest term, the divine command theory holds that given that god exists; an act is good only because God commands it. In other words, anything that is not approved of by God cannot be considered to be good. A major problem associated with this view is raised in Euthyphro. The Euthyphro argues that the gods command things because they are good rather than that they are good because they command it. Seen from another angle, the goodness of things precedes God’s command. However, considering the polytheistic nature of the society that Socrates and Euthyphro lived in, the conception that what is good is only good because gods command it may be challenged by holing that the gods may have differences in opinion especially with regard to issues of morality. As such, what may be dear to one god may not necessarily be dear to another. As such, one action may be both pious and impious. The divine command theorists hold that the source of all moral value is the will of God (Hall et al). Whatever is willed by God is morally good or obligatory and whatever he forbids is morally evil. With this regard, murder, theft and adultery are morally wrong because, and only because they are forbidden by God. On the other hand, justice and mercy are morally good only because they are approved by God. The majority of divine command theorists hold that there is no intrinsic Good. Whatever is done and willed by God is good and whatever opposes the will of God is bad. As such, the good has its foundation and existence solely in God’s will. Indeed, it can be conceived that God can alter his mind and command murder. This is especially seen in the scriptures when he commanded Abraham to kill his son. He can also forbid acts of clemency. Simply by an act of will, God can change virtue into vice and vice into virtue. The divine command theory is first broached as a philosophical theory in Euthyphro. Euthyphro and Socrates are attempting to define holiness with Euthyphro proposing a definition that holiness is whatever is loved by the gods. According to Socrates, this definition is ambiguous in the sense that it does not offer any clear comprehension of whether something is holy simply because it is loved by the gods or whether its loved by the gods because it is already holy. By making a generalization from the case of holiness, it can be said that either something is morally good or right because God commands it to be so or that God commands it because it is morally good or right to begin with (Pojman, 2002). In other words, either moral value depends on the will of god or the will of god depends on moral value. In Euthyphro, the two options are dramatically presented. That is, either the source of value depends on the divine will or elsewhere. Both Socrates and Euthyphro agree that it lies elsewhere and therefore reject the divine command theory. They however do not explain where it rests. Plato’s view is right considering his god-independent Form of the Good. However, the argument in Euthyphro can be hardly applied to the Christian God. Plato’s argument, as taken by Leibniz and other philosophers may be seen in the following context; that â€Å"honoring one’s parents is good because God has commanded it† implies the counterfactual that if God commanded other things, those other things would be good. God, by the theory, could have commanded those other things considering how powerful He is. According to the divine command theory, therefore, if God had commanded that one should dishonor his parents, then dishonoring parents would be obligatory instead of forbidden (Wilkens, 1995). This is however absurd. The divine command theory is thus committed to counterfactuals about what would have been good that are patently false. The implication is that, even though God commanded the good, this is only so because it is good and not that it is good because He commanded it. The dilemma in the question of whether what is holy is holy because the gods approve of it, or approve of it because it is holy can only be clearer if the polytheistic assumptions are eliminated and the term â€Å"holy† is replaced with â€Å"right†. If the question is restructured, it will appear as follows: does God command us to do what is right because it is right or something is right because God commands it? The question presents two possibilities. First, God’s commands can be conceived of to be right-indicating or pointing towards rightness. Second, it can be conceived of to be right-making or creating rightness. This question is whether God is viewed as a Supreme Court justice or a legislator. The justice comprehends the statutes and can therefore suggest what should be done for one to stay within the boundaries of the law. However, the law itself is independent of the justice. The legislator on the other hand does not just interpret but also creates law. Until the lawmaker legislates, the law is not in existence. The question thus is; which gives a better conception of God? Voluntarists see God as a legislator since they emphasize on His freedom, will and sovereignty. As such, God is not bounded to the dictates of some standard that He did not create. Instead, right is right because God legislates it. The declaration of God that particular actions are good is right making. This view of God as a legislator evades restricting His freedom and power. However, this may create another problem. If God is so radically free and powerful, could he create a world in which torture is good? If His saying so makes it right and there are no limitations on God, could he decide that rape is virtuous? Affirming this option is frightening since there is a natural inclination to believe that a command that we ought to rape would be morally repugnant, even if it emanated from God (Ross & Stratton-Lake 2002). However, there is need to notice its implication. It assumes a standard of goodness that is independent of God. Otherwise we would not have at our disposal anything by which to measure the commands of God. With this regard, a conclusion can be derived that the gods approve of holy (right or goodness) because it is holy (right or good). Holiness is an objective feature of the world and as such, the moral order is just as a fundamental nature of the universe as the spatial or numeric structure of the universe. Our moral attitudes do not make actions good or right. Rather, they are responses to rightness or goodness. What makes our belief that something is good is the property or objective characteristic of being good that it possess. If one defines holiness as meaning what is approved by the gods, one is putting forward a naturalistic definition. If one however defines it as such that it ought to be desired, one is putting forward a non-naturalistic definition. However, both the definitions show that what is good is intrinsic as opposed to what the divine command theorists attempt to postulate. Holiness, goodness or rightness refer to a property or a quality of something and thus, this quality or property cannot be decided by the goods but rather exist independently of the will of the gods. However, there comes a challenge when they refer to a relational property rather than the intrinsic property of the things of which it is predicated. This is the major challenge not only to the divine command theorists but also to Euthyphro. References Plato, Euthyphro Pojman, L. (2002). Classics of Philosophy. Oxford University Press Ross, W. & Stratton-Lake, P. (2002). The Right and the Good. Oxford University Press Wilkens, S. (1995). Beyond bumper sticker ethics: an introduction to theories of right & wrong. InterVarsity Press

Foreign Literature Essay

Nowadays, we are living in a world that everything exist makes our life easier. Technologies, upgrade and change rapid and it will last for long time. At the moment, folks is still using the most useful and informative matter in searching significant things. Internet is the best way in exploring matters, and currently numerous are exploiting it. Business, government, organizations, companies are the usual users of internet. Reasons why people use internet is because it will provide and suggest sites that you can assure you will not victim by some people who are untrusted. Business like selling and reserving house and lots has their own websites that you can visit and inquire if you are interested in buying there house and lots. Today people are not much put effort in buying or reserving house and lot, one of the reason is they are busy on their work and they cannot a lot time to visit the subdivision. Instead of visiting some subdivision they just surf the internet to know what are the subdivisions that are selling high class or regular style of houses and how extent the lots that can be reserved by the customer. Tarlac is one of the provinces who are progressive and still strive hard just to make it well-liked by the individuals who had been on this place. There are myriads of the subdivisions in Tarlac, so competition takes place. In order to have buyers, different tactics and techniques are needed. Shangri-La Homes Subdivision is a new build subdivision located at San Jose, Tarlac. STATEMENT OF THE OBJECTIVE This research is intended and developed an â€Å"Online House and Lot Reservation for Shangri-La Homes Subdivision† that can be accessed of the people who are interested in buying or reserving house and lots. Precisely, it attained the subsequent objectives: * To help people in buying and reserving house and lots in much easier ways. * To organized the transactions between the buyer and the administration * To lessen the effort of the customers. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The Online House and Lot Reservation for Shangri-La Homes Subdivision reinforced the administration of the subdivision, SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY This research concentrates only on Online House and Lot Reservation for Shangri-La Homes Subdivision. The system helped the administration of the subdivision and buyers to put less effort in buying and reserving house and lot in typical ways. Administration of the subdivision will not have more strategies to make just to have buyers, in the part of the administration they will not hire people who are giving leaflets and have an advertisement furthermore they can saved money. On the other hand, the buyers who are interested will not go to the subdivision and ask much information and they can save their time in spending it with their families.

Plato Aristotle Comparison Essay Essays

Plato Aristotle Comparison Essay Essays Plato Aristotle Comparison Essay Essay Plato Aristotle Comparison Essay Essay Justice is the subject which has been the chief topic of most philosophers ; a speedy definition for justness could be the quality of being just and sensible. A batch of philosophers have written on this topic and have had arguments. Two of the most important 1s are Plato and Aristotle. who are two prima figures of ancient Grecian civilisation and both thought about justness and established theories about the facets of being merely. Plato was a pupil of Socrates. and Aristotle was a pupil of Plato. Aristotle studied under Plato and remained in his academy for 20 old ages in Athens but left the academy after Plato’s decease. Aristotle and Plato had different doctrines about many topics like justness and unfairness. the map of worlds. truth. the human psyche. art. and political relations. Get downing with Plato ( 427 BC-347 BC ) one of the most of import philosophers of the universe and the laminitis of â€Å"The Academy† . Plato’s most celebrated work is â€Å"The Republic† in which he draws the qualities of a merely single and a merely metropolis province by explicating the empyreal nature of justness. His beliefs of happening justness in an person will necessitate happening it in the perfect metropolis ( which consists of people ) . His major inquiries that were pursued in the remainder of his work were: â€Å"What is Justice? † And â€Å"is one better off or happier being merely instead than unfair? † Plato faces a state of affairs where he raised a inquiry and he has several replies provided by several traditions. and he besides has a new reply of his ain. Aristotle ( 384-322 BC ) is one of the laminitiss of modern Western idea with Socrates and Plato. He was tutored by Socrates’ pupil Plato. subsequently became really effectual in the advancement of the thought of scientism and scholastic political orientation. Aristotle in his celebrated work â€Å"The Nicomachean Ethics† explains the virtuous and superior nature of justness where he claims that justness can intend either lawfulness or fairness. since unfairness is lawlessness and unfairness. In his sentiment. Torahs push and inspire people to move morally so. the merely individual who by definition is lawful. will needfully be virtuous. I am traveling to compare how these two philosophers compare and contrast when it comes to their ain political theories sing the ideal province and how to specify justness in it. To compare the political theories of two great philosophers of political relations is to first analyze each theory in deepness. Plato is regarded by many experts as the first author of political doctrine. and Aristotle is recognized as the first political scientist. These two work forces were great minds. They each had thoughts of how to better bing societies during their single life-times. It is necessary to look at several countries of each theory to seek the difference and similarities in each. Both philosophers had common points and some differences. get downing with Plato. where in the beginning of his conversation with Thrasymachus ( Plato. The Republic. Page 19 ) . the latter defines justness as â€Å"what is the involvement of the stronger party† . Socrates goes on to rebut this definition by stating that the stronger party can be at mistake sometimes. and a swayer can do errors. One of the inquiries that Plato pursued in his work was the one proposed by Thrasymachus who suggests that the chase of opportunism or unfairness wages better than that the chase of justness. Socrates provinces that the unfairness would make dissension and failing alternatively of strength. He says that unfairness causes jobs and weakens the group â€Å"†¦ whether it occurs in a province or household or ground forces or in anything else: it renders it incapable of any common action because of cabals and wrangles. and sets it at discrepancy with itself and with its oppositions and with whatever is just† ( Plato. The Republic. page 38 ) . The best. rational and righteous political order leads to the harmonious integrity of a society and allows all the city’s parts to prosecute felicity but non at the disbursal of others. Plato showed what justness is in the province and so in the psyche. He drew a province in which all basic demands are met. The Guardians consist of non-ruling Guardians and governing Guardians. The non-rulers are a higher degree of civil retainers and the opinion is the society’s policy designers. Aides are soldiers and civil retainers and eventually the workers who are most normally unskilled labourers. The Guardians are to be wise and good swayers. It is of import that the swayers who arise must be a category of craftsmen who are public-spirited in disposition and skilled in the humanistic disciplines of authorities countries. The defenders are to be placed in a place in which they are absolute swayers. They are supposed to be the choice few who know what is best for society. Equally far as political relations. he stated in the Republic that philosopher swayers who possess cognition of the good should be the governors in a city state. Plato’s governing political orientation is briefed as the â€Å"rule of the best man† . the philosopher male monarch who entirely knows the ideal criterions for the province. Besides. opinion is a accomplishment ; as the best adult male must be trained to govern. Opinion is besides an flawlessness. Aristotle’s governing doctrine can be summarized as the â€Å"rule of the best laws† – a good ordered fundamental law which entails good administration. For him. although opinion is a accomplishment and an ideal every bit good ; it is besides a scientific discipline ( although Aristotle understands political relations as a normative or normative subject instead than as a â€Å"purely† empirical or descriptive enquiry ) . Plato believed that each adult male is better by lodging to one business in which he excels in. â€Å"Social justness purposes at advancing the good of the metropolis as a whole ; it does that by spliting societal labours and by delegating optimum societal maps to all the citizens equally† ( Gerasimos Santas. Goodness and Justice Plato Aristotle and the moderns page 103 ) . Plato valued the accomplishments of all people. and believed that the perfect polis would be one in which every citizen would make his portion harmonizing to his abilities. and there would be no alone Markss between the rich and the hapless. Plato’s ethical ideal of the successful running of the metropolis and the internal harmoniousness of the citizen who runs it is the chief ethical purpose. Plato maintains a virtue-based eudemonistic moralss. His theoretical account of the merely province was one where all the parts map for the benefit of the whole. and the whole benefits the parts. â€Å"His first statement is that the matching of citizens to their optimum societal maps makes possible and preserves the other societal virtuousnesss and the good they promote† . ( Gerasimos Santas. Goodness and Justice Plato Aristotle and the moderns page 90 ) . Harmonizing to Plato moralss is a signifier of cognition. it is the cognition of measuring of short-run and long-run effects. Plato besides appealed to a theoretical account of harmonious operation by stating that the psyche has its divisions merely as the province does. He develops the position that being a good individual in an ethical sense involves accomplishing internal harmoniousness of the parts of the psyche. Basically what Plato wants to accomplish is a perfect society. Justice in the psyche is similarly a affair of each portion of the psyche executing its ain and proper map. An person is wise in the virtuousness of ground opinion in him and weather in the virtuousness of the spirited portion playing its function. An person is temperate if his inferior bodily appetencies are ruled by his ground. And justice belongs to its entire ordination. Furthermore. the merely adult male will seldom be except in the merely province. where at least some work forces. the hereafter swayers are consistently educated in justness. But the merely province can non perchance be except where there are merely work forces ; Plato brings the ideal of the philosopher male monarch. Aristotle. differs from Plato here in the manner that he is non concerned with honing society. he merely wants to better on the bing one. Rather than bring forth a program for the perfect society. Aristotle suggested that the society itself should better to accommodate the best system ; hence he relied on the logical maneuver. â€Å"Utopia† ( Plato’s perfect metropolis ) is an abstract solution because there is no existent cogent evidence that all societies are in demand of all that change like Plato wanted. Aristotle discovered that the best possible has already been obtained. All that can be done is to seek to better on the bing 1. He disagreed with Plato’s point of â€Å"each adult male ( or groups ) sticks to one occupation. he thought that thought of one category keeping stoping political power will non ensue positively. The failure to let circulation between categories eliminates those work forces who may be ambitious. and wise. but are non in the right category of society to keep any type of political power. He quotes â€Å"It is a farther expostulation that he deprives his Guardians even of felicity. keeping that felicity of the whole province which should be the object of legislation† what he is stating is that Guardians sacrifice their felicity for power and control. and those defenders who lead a rigorous life style like that will enforce that sort of life style on their society. Both Plato and Aristotle have a common point when it comes to justness. For both. the terminal of the province is ethical ; as justness is the footing for the ideal province. For Plato. the person and the province are one. as they both have a three-party nature of which justness is the consequence of a sound balance of these three parts. Aristotle asserts that the city state ( polis ) comes into being for the interest of life. but exists for the interest of the good life. It is chiefly about justness bing in an nonsubjective sense. or in other words. a belief that the good and merely life should be available for all persons no affair how high or low their societal position is â€Å"In democracies. for illustration. justness is considered to intend equality. in oligarchies. once more inequality in the distribution of office is considered to be merely. â€Å"says Aristotle. Plato sees the justness and jurisprudence as what sets the guidelines for social behaviour. Aristotle said. â€Å"The people at big should be sovereign instead than the few best† ( Edward A. Hacker. Aristotelean logic. p 92 ) . Plato would neer let the full public engagement in authorities as Aristotle would wish. Harmonizing to Plato public judgements of blessing and disapproval are based on belief and non on cognition ( Edward A. Hacker. Aristotelean logic. p 96 ) . Aristotle’s moralss are based on his position of the Universe. He saw it as a hierarchy in which everything has a map. The highest signifier of being is the life of the rational being. and the map of lower existences is to function this signifier of life. Harmonizing to him. justness must be distributed proportionally. For case. a seamster and a husbandman can non interchange apparels for nutrient. since apparels and nutrient are non of equal value. Aristotle’s equation of justness with lawfulness can make a job since Torahs can be unfair excessively. However. he refutes this thought once more by dividing political justness from domestic justness. â€Å"The map of the jurisprudence is to put down sound and balances principals of character-formation. in the visible radiation of which it should be the map of educational pattern to habituate assorted sorts of people. each in different ways. to forbear from greed and thereby arrive at an equalisation of desires† ( W. Von Leyden. Aristotle on equality and justness. his political statement p 82 ) . Harmonizing to him. although political justness and domestic justness are related. they are besides distinguishable. Political justness is about Torahs since â€Å"justice exists merely between work forces whose common dealingss are governed by law† ( The Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle. book 5. portion 6 ) . So. political justness is governed by the regulation of jurisprudence. while domestic justness relies more on regard. Therefore. Aristotle says â€Å"the justness of a maestro and that of a male parent are non the same as the justness of citizens† ( The Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle. book 5. portion 6 ) . Aristotle regarded the construct of justness as necessary to fulfill societal equality. But he besides wanted to reason that justness is based on a background of Torahs and regulations. Aristotle begins to specify justness by stating that â€Å"we observe that everyone agencies by justness the temperament which makes us actors of merely actions. that makes us make what is merely and wish that is merely. † ( The Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle. book 5 chapters 1 ) . The remainder of Aristotle’s process in his effort to specify justness is explicating the merely actions in footings of Torahs. Therefore the unfair individual is the 1 who doesn’t follow the jurisprudence ( improper ) . which is where his two definitions of justness come from. The 1st 1. â€Å"general justice† identified with what is lawful in our behaviour ; the 2nd one â€Å"particular justice† that is identified with the distribution of award and wealth. Plato and Aristotle had really different positions about the maps of the human. Plato refutes the thought that backs that unfairness is better than justness. He argued that unfairness was non really helpful for puting up a theoretical account metropolis. Virtue for the theoretical account metropolis was derived from the persons populating in the metropolis and their capableness to carry through their maps. He defined human map as opinion. thought. life. and taking attention of the intents attributed to each in a metropolis. He defined a person’s intent in relation to his place in the society and his being in relation to a community. Aristotle argues about the method to accomplishing ultimate good by seeking for felicity by every individual individual. He believed that felicity or the chase of it was the ultimate terminal. and people worked their manner to accomplish the ultimate terminal which is felicity. Happiness. harmonizing to him. was attained if one fulfilled one’s grounds. intents. significances. and looks in the best manner possible. His positions focused on the person instead than a society or community as a whole. He had a more individualistic point of position. Aristotle disagrees with Plato on another thought. Plato’s worldview rendered the stuff. physical universe less of import than the kingdom of thoughts and abstractions. Harmonizing to him. the universe we see around us consists of imperfect transcripts of the ideal versions of the same things that are accessible to us merely through our heads. and hence our clip is better exhausted contemplating the better. â€Å"real. † abstractions than their blemished manifestations. Aristotle does non portion this worldview. but I will non acquire into this thought. Their doctrines were different from each other in many topics. but the most of import doctrine which sets the distinction is the human intent. Plato believed in a community or society as one and the map of worlds in relation to it for accomplishing a theoretical account society. Aristotle was more individualistic and believed in single felicity as the chief map of worlds and their accomplishment by being first-class in what they did and therefore organizing a theoretical account society or metropolis. Although. Plato and Aristotle agree on the construct of an ideal province. they still disagree on deeper issues as Aristotle distanced himself from Plato. who was his wise man. at some point. Plato and Aristotle constructed two Utopian province theoretical accounts in which in order to supply justness the opinion power is given to a philosopher male monarch ( in Aristotle’s theoretical account ) or a category of philosopher Guardians who are able to bring forth better cognition ( in Plato’s theoretical account ) . But instead than giving the governing power to an elite. in order to supply justness we could raise merely kids who will be merely citizens in the hereafter. Plato’s doctrine tends toward the metaphysically inordinate. He is non bound by pragmatism or theoretical account. but allows his imaginativeness to roll into theoretical countries most people today would disregard as irrelevant and unrealistic. His political doctrine. for case. is Utopian. He sets for himself the undertaking of conceive ofing the ideal manner to construction and regulate a society. and ends up with an impressively imaginative and luxuriant strategy. but one that tolerates small resemblance to how human existences of all time have or likely of all time will interact politically in the existent universe. Aristotle’s doctrine is much more grounded in pragmatism and common sense and logical. He’s more about depicting the universe as it is than traveling excessively far in the way of theorizing about how it should be. In contrast to Plato’s Utopian political doctrine. Aristotle’s political doctrine has a big constituent of descriptive political scientific discipline. When he does reason for certain political strategies. they tend to be positive betterments on bing systems. Plato and Aristotle have a batch of differences in both manner and stuff. but what they have in common is that both are still being read presents. and still are inspirational and they both challenge philosophers and pupils all over the universe. Beginnings used: 1- The Republic: Writer: Plato Published by: Penguin Classicss 2- The Nicomachean Ethical motives: Writer: Aristotle Published by: Penguin Classicss 3- Goodness and Justice. Plato. Aristotle. and the Moderns: Writer: Gerasimos Santas Published by: Blackwell Publishers 4- Aristotle on equality and justness. his political statement: Writer: W. Von Leyden Published by: Macmillan 5- Aristotelean logic: Writer: William Thomas Parry. Edward A. Hacker Published by: State University of New York. Albany.

Biography of Fences Playwright August Wilson

Biography of Fences Playwright August Wilson Award-winning playwright August Wilson had no shortage of fans during his life, but his writing enjoyed renewed interest after a film adaptation of his play â€Å"Fences† opened in theaters on Christmas Day 2016. The critically acclaimed film not only earned kudos for stars Viola Davis and Denzel Washington, who also directed, but exposed new audiences to Wilson’s work as well. In each of his plays, Wilson shined a spotlight on the lives of the working class African Americans overlooked in society. With this biography, learn how Wilson’s upbringing influenced his major works. Early Years August Wilson was born April 27, 1945, in Pittsburgh’s Hill District, a poor black neighborhood. At birth, he bore his baker father’s name, Frederick August Kittel. His father was a German immigrant, known for his drinking and temper, and his mother, Daisy Wilson, was African American. She taught her son to stand up to injustice. His parents divorced, however, and the playwright would later change his surname to his mother’s, for she was his primary caregiver. His father did not have a consistent role in his life and died in 1965. Wilson experienced fierce racism attending a succession of nearly all-white schools, and the alienation he felt as a result eventually led him to drop out of high school at 15. Leaving school did not mean Wilson had given up on his education. He decided to educate himself by regularly visiting his local library and voraciously reading the offerings there. A self-taught education proved fruitful for Wilson, who would earn a high school diploma due to his efforts. Alternatively, he learned important life lessons by listening to the stories of the African Americans, mostly retirees and blue-collar workers, in the Hill District. A Writer Gets His Start By 20, Wilson decided that he would be a poet, but three years later he developed an interest in theater. In 1968, he and his friend Rob Penny started the Black Horizons on the Hill Theater. Lacking a place to perform, the theater company staged its productions at elementary schools and sold tickets for just 50 cents by herding in passersby outside just before the shows started. Wilson’s interest in theater waned, and it wasn’t until he moved to St. Paul, Minn., in 1978 and began adapting Native American folktales into childrens plays that he renewed his interest in the craft. In his new city, he began to recall his old life in the Hill District by chronicling the experiences of the residents there in a play, which developed into â€Å"Jitney.† But Wilson’s first play staged professionally was â€Å"Black Bart and the Sacred Hills,† which he wrote by piecing together several of his old poems.    Lloyd Richards, the first black Broadway director and dean of the Yale School of Drama, helped Wilson refine his plays and directed six of them. Richards was artistic director of Yale Repertory Theater and head of the Eugene ONeill Playwrights Conference in Connecticut to which Wilson would submit the work that made him a star, â€Å"Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom.† Richards gave Wilson guidance on the play and it opened at the Yale Repertory Theatre in 1984. The New York Times described the play as â€Å"a searing inside account of what white racism does to its victims.† Set in 1927, the play details the rocky relationship between a blues singer and a trumpet player. In 1984, â€Å"Fences† premiered. It takes place in the 1950s and chronicles the tensions between a former Negro leagues baseball player working as a garbage man and the son who also dreams of an athletic career. For that play, Wilson received the Tony Award and the Pulitzer Prize. The playwright followed up â€Å"Fences† with â€Å"Joe Turners Come and Gone,† which takes place in a boardinghouse in 1911. Among Wilson’s other key works is The Piano Lesson, the story of siblings fighting over a family piano in 1936. He received his second Pulitzer for that 1990 play. Wilson also wrote Two Trains Running, Seven Guitars, King Hedley II, Gem of the Ocean and Radio Golf, his last play. Most of his plays had Broadway debuts and many were commercial successes. Fences, for example, boasted earnings of $11 million in one year, a record at that time for a nonmusical Broadway production. A number of celebrities starred in his works. Whoopi Goldberg acted in a revival of Ma Raineys Black Bottom in 2003, while Charles S. Dutton starred in both the original and the revival. Other famous actors who’ve appeared in Wilson productions include S. Epatha Merkerson, Angela Bassett, Phylicia Rashad, Courtney B. Vance, Laurence Fishburne and Viola Davis. In total, Wilson received seven New York Drama Critics Circle awards for his plays. Art for Social Change Each of Wilson’s works describes the struggles of the black underclass, be they sanitation workers, domestics, drivers or criminals. Through his dramas, which span different decades of the 20th century, the voiceless have a voice. The plays expose the personal turmoil the marginalized endure because their humanity all too often goes unrecognized by their employers, by strangers, by family members and America overall. While his plays tell the stories of an impoverished black community, there’s a universal appeal to them as well. One can relate to Wilson’s characters in the same way one can relate to the protagonists of Arthur Miller’s works. But Wilson’s plays stand out for their emotional gravitas and lyricism. The playwright didn’t want to gloss over the legacy of slavery and Jim Crow and their impact on his character’s lives. He believed that art was political but didn’t consider  his own plays to be explicitly political. I think my plays offer (white Americans) a different way to look at black Americans, he told The Paris Review  in 1999. For instance, in ‘Fences they see a garbage man, a person they dont really look at, although they see a garbage man every day. By looking at Troys life, white people find out that the content of this black garbage mans life is affected by the same things - love, honor, beauty, betrayal, duty. Recognizing that these things are as much part of his life as theirs can affect how they think about and deal with black people in their lives.† Illness and Death Wilson died of liver cancer on Oct. 2, 2005, at the age of 60 in a Seattle hospital. He had not announced that he was suffering from the disease until a month before his death. His third wife, costume designer Constanza Romero, three daughters (one with Romero and two with his first wife) and several siblings survived him. After he succumbed to cancer, the playwright continued to receive honors. The Virginia Theater on Broadway announced that it would bear Wilson’s name. Its new marquee went up two weeks after his death.

Islamic Spirituality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Islamic Spirituality - Essay Example As the study declares that on his part, Imam ‘Ali held the view that spirituality is a higher value that should be possessed by all believers. To him, it is not a simple thing to obtain by everyone because it requires a lot of commitments and devotion. One of the best ways of achieving spirituality is to gain knowledge because it can provide a true understanding which is of course required for a proper understanding and acceptance of Allah. And at the core of all these is human heart, which, according to Imam, can help in protecting Muslims from committing sins and block them from acquiring the right knowledge and spirituality.From this research it is clear that  Rumi, though not a prophet, presents insightful teachings on the role of spirituality in the life of a Muslim. Through a wise use of music, poems and dances, he explains how the knowledge of truth provides a good path to spiritual fulfillment. According to his philosophy, spirituality can be gotten through the acquis ition of right knowledge. Religion is a personal experience which requires unconditional surrender to a divine power.  Imam ‘Ali held a strong view on the concept of faith. In his teachings, he emphasized that faith is a necessary requirement for spirituality.  He said that for one to be closer to God, one needs to be a strong believer who not only believes in God, but submits to His will and does everything required by Him.'